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Agricultural Products Crop Diseases Garlic, Onion and Cítricos.RD

(1) CROPS: Garlic (Allium sativum)

Planting Zones in the country,
Constance

Province, La Vega, Dominican Republic

prevailing meteorological conditions: high and

70oF/65oF minimum, these conditions can vary, depending on the period of time.

Distribution of Disease:
Constance.

Pathogen (Disease)

Alternaria porri (purple Mancha, leaf blotch)
Constance

Aspergillus spp. (Bulb rot)
Constance, and warehouses.

Botrytis sp. (Gray mold neck rot)
Constance is a very important field and in stores

Ditylenchus dipsaci (nematode bulbs).
Constance. Is causing bulb rot disease. It is very important and common in soils where it is grown. Product is controlled using chemical nematicides in pre-sowing, eg Furadan and Mocap

Erwinia sp. (Bulb and neck rot)
Constance.

Fusarium spp. (Damping-off, root rot). Constance


Helminthosporium sp. (Leaf spot)
Constance

Penicillium sp. (Bulb rot.)
Constance in the stores is low incidence, low severity

Peronospora destructor (downy mildew, Constanza, very severe in the field, chemical management, the incidence is high and severe throughout the crop cycle.

Phytophthora sp. (Damping-off), Constance, chemical handling

Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Pink root).
Constance, is presented with a low incidence and it is quite severe in the affected bulbs.

Pythium sp. (Damping-off, poorly Del stalks). Constance
seedling stage and little effect, occurs when humidity is high.

Rhizoctonia sp. (Mal
Damping-off. stalks), Constanza, low

Sclerotium cepivorum (white mold).
occasional low-incidence disease, no control measures are taken from diseased plants are removed
Constance

Sclerotium sp. (Damping-off, white mold)
Constance

Stemphylium sp. (Leaf spot)
Constance, is very frequent and the severity is moderate

Helicotylenchus sp. (Spiral nematode)
Constance

Meloidogyne sp. (Nematode nodules), Constance


Trichodorus sp. (Dwarf root nematode)
Constance

Phytosanitary Management
Types:

a) Chemicals: Methods of control.
b) Use of seed security.
c) After seed disinfection and final land.
d) Use of resistant varieties.
e) Crop rotation.
Note: The chemical control
active substances to be used to find the most updated market.




(2) CULTURE: Onions (Allium Cepa)

planting area in the country:
a) Bani, Sep. / Jan.
b) Vallejuelo Dec / Feb.
c) Constance January / June.
d) San José de Ocoa December / February.
f) Azua Nov. / Dec.
g) Northwest Line August / December.

prevailing meteorological conditions: Bani
76th / 62nd F, Vallejuelo75o / 61st F, San Jose de Ocoa 78th / 64 or F, Azua 76 º / 72 º F, Line north 83 º / 79 º F. The conditions are subject to change.

Distribution of Disease:
a) Bani.
b) Vallejuelo.
c) Constance.
d) San José de Ocoa.
f) Azua.
g) Northwest Line.

Pathogen (Disease)

Alternaria porri (Mancha purpurea), chemical management,
The incidence is high and severe

Aspergillus sp. (Black rot)

Botrytis alli (gray mold, crown rot)

Colletotrichum sp. (COCOTEA of onion)

Ditylenchus dipsaci (bulb nematode)

Erwinia carotovora (bacterial soft rot), the main damage is in storage, is controlled by removing affected bulb.

Fusarium sp. (Basal rot) Chemical Management,
the incidence is high and severe, is controlled early to avoid Camping-off in combination with the Phytophthora sp

Helminthosporium sp. (Leaf spot)

Heterosporium allii (leaf blight)

Peronospora destructor (Mildew of the onion) chemical management, the incidence is high and severe throughout the crop cycle.

Phytophthora sp. (Damping-off). Chemical management, the incidence is high and severe, early control


Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Pink root) is of low incidence, when attack is severe, and remove the plants.

Pythium sp. (Damping-off (basal rot) chemical management, the incidence is high and severe, is controlled early to avoid Camping-off in combination with the Phytophthora sp


Rhizoctonia sp. (Damping-off, evil the seed) (basal rot) Chemical Management,
The incidence is high and severe is controlled at an early age to avoid Camping-off in combination with the Phytophthora sp

Sclerotium rolfsii (white rot) (Sclerotium cepivorum)

Stemphylium sp. (Leaf spot) is not as severe incidence of this disease.

Helicotylenchus sp. (Spiral nematode)

Meloidogyne sp. (Nematode galls)

Pratylenchus sp. (Root lesion nematode)

Rotylenchulus sp. (Reniform nematode)

Tylenchorhynchus sp. (Nematoda broom)




(3) CULTURE: Citrus (Citrus spp)

Planting Area in the Country:
a) Hato Mayor,
b) The Seibo,
c) Higuey,
d) La Romana,
e) San Cristobal,
f) Azua,
g) Puerto Plata. Sept. / December It

Note: this area is planted under rainfed conditions.

prevailing meteorological conditions:

Hato Mayor, Seybo, Higuey and La Romana 79 º / 65 º F, San Cristóbal Azua, 76 º / 62 º F. Puerto Plata and 77 º / 65 º F. This is because they vary according to the average climate and seasons, this is the current.

Pathogen (Disease)

Alternaria sp. (Leaf spot, black rot of fruits)
low incidence and low severity.
not taken control measures.

Blight (citrus blight)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Capnodium sp. (Fumagina)
not taken specific measures for this disease

Cercospora sp. (Mancha in fruit)



Cephaleuros virescens (green alga)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Anthracnose)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.


Corticium sp. (Mal de lint)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

CTV, Citrus Tristeza Virus (Citrus Tristeza)
change in the culture of planting material.
Elimination of severely affected plants.

Diaporthe sp. (Melanosis)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Diplodia sp. (Dieback)
low incidence and low severity;
No control measures are taken. Elsinoe

sp. (Rona)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Fusarium sp. (Root rot) usually do
chemical treatment with fosetyl aluminum applied to the plants and soil. Mycosphaerella


sp. (Greasy spot)
High incidence and low severity.
not taken specific control measures. The use of agricultural oils for other purposes have any effect on it.

Penicillium digitatum (green fruit rot)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Penicillium italicum (blue fruit rot)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Phytophthora sp. (Gummy)
usually do chemical treatment with fosetyl aluminum. Improving soil drainage and liming to improve pH.

Pythium sp. (Root rot) Low incidence
and low severity.
No control measures are taken. Septobasidium

pseudopedicellatum (Felt)
low incidence and low severity;
No control measures are taken.

Sphaceloma fawcettii (Elsinoe fawcettii, teleomorph) (Rona fruit)
low incidence and low severity
measures are not taken control.


Sphaeropsis sp. (Nodulation branches)
low incidence and low severity,
No control measures are taken.

Viroid (exocortis of citrus).
High incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Helicotylenchus sp. (Spiral nematode)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Meloidogyne sp. (Nematode nodules)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Pratylenchus sp. (Root lesion nematode)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Radopholus sp. (Nematoda miner)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken. Rotylenchulus

sp. (Reniform nematode)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

Trichodorus sp. (Nematoda)
dwarf roots low incidence and low severity.
measures are not taken control. Tylenchorhynchus

sp. (Nematoda broom)
low incidence and low severity.
No control measures are taken.

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Some Important Information Sector Agricola

CONTROLS OR SEVERAL SOLUTIONS PEST ecological

Control Control Control integrated cultural


Chemical control Biological control Natural enemies


Vs Crop Pest Insecticides

vegetable preparations and preparations
Traps



ORGANIC GARDEN The organic garden or orchard, are based on ecological principles, mimicking the mechanisms of balance and stability using nature. For there

lower incidence of pests, the garden should mimic a natural landscape where different species of insects and plant diversity, different colors, different smells mixed flowers and herbs. Associate
species with different requirements, try to have more species per square meter of garden or orchard.

Use brightly colored flowers (yellow or orange, such as marigolds to attract repel aphids and tomato worms and tagetes tufts or controlling soil nematodes, the aroma of the leaves away insect pests tomatoes (moths).
herbs can be used as a hedge or within rows of the orchard or garden. A young pig would be composed of: Lavender, rosemary, sage, rue, wormwood, chamomile and oregano.

Within rows:
Mint, basil, tarragon, thyme and nettle.


The main features of these plants are:

Lavender:
flowers are used as ant-killer.

Romero: Insect Repellent
carrots and cabbage. It is also useful because it can stay pests' natural enemies (beneficial insects). Salvia

:
some pest repellent (flies) in carrots and cabbage.

Ruda:
maceration is used for grinding plants attacked by aphids.

Wormwood:
infusion is used to repel beetles, mites and caterpillars.

Manzanilla:
attracts beneficial insects and is used as an insecticide against aphids.

Oregano: Plant
trap ants.

Mint: Near
cabbage, drive away the pests that attack these plants.

Basil:
trap aphids and insect repellent in general, especially bugs. NATURAL ENEMIES



organisms that feed on pest insects are considered beneficial because they help control them.

PREDATORS:
are those who prey on insect pests and eat them, so they feed down the population of harmful insects. Coccinellids
as cows. Predator bugs
: Hippodamia (orange and black) Eriophis
related (red and black)
predators of aphids: Cicloneda blood (red) Hippodamia convergens
Chrysopidae: Neuroptera.Los adults have long antennae, wings in the form of lace and bright eyes . larvae are predators of aphids, spider mites and thrips.
Juanitas: These are large insects, iridescent dark brown. They eat several species of larvae and small adults.
Mamboretá or Father God: They eat other pests at all stages.
hoverflies that are like bees. Has yellow and black abdomen. The female lays eggs in aphid colonies.


PARASITOIDS:
Insect parasites of other insects, require the host to reproduce. Lay their eggs inside or outside the host, the insect pest infesting.
microhymenopterans: parasitic wasps are in their immature stage (larvae) can act as endo and ectoparasites of many pests. Adult microhymenopteron
placed eggs in aphids.
trichogram: egg parasitoid of Lepidoptera (butterfly in the adult, larval caterpillars)


ORGANIC PEST CONTROL
With organic pest control should not be attempted eliminate, but reduce their population levels below economic damage.
The plague is part of the balance system. Upon disposal
find new niches that are occupied immediately by other insects and natural enemies away feeding on the former. Use pesticides
continually create insect resistance to the product.
The most important aspect in an organic garden for ecological pest management is the maintenance of soil fertility through techniques of tillage, green manure, compost, crop rotations and plant associations. INTEGRATED CONTROL



is the manipulation of insect populations using one or more methods of control. CULTURAL CONTROL



are the actions that create an unfavorable environment for the development of insect pests: - Management of weeds, keeping some hosts of beneficial insects. - Crop rotation. - Movement of the earth. - Sowing favoring escape in time to certain pests. - Partnerships for repellency and confusion. - Barrier hedges. - Driving hortíícolas proper species, irrigation and nutrition. - Use of resistant varieties. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL


Making
action of natural enemies of pests. - Do not use insecticides. - Plant hosts to maintain the natural enemies. - Collect and distribute natural enemies. CHEMICAL CONTROL



should be the last action for the control, since the use of an insecticide produced rupture in the system. To use, you should consider: - Presence of natural enemies. - Election of the preparation according to each situation and not a rigid prescription. - Timeliness of application and dosage. - Plant phenological state.


CROPS PEST
The herbs, shrubs and herbs are of great importance in association with vegetables. Produce confusion of scents and colors in insects cause problems in the invasion of the garden.


The association also serves to attract and shelter wildlife useful to control pests. - Make a stratification structure of different heights and periods of growth. - Biodiversity, causes inconvenience to the invasive insect to find its host, and added to this the possibility of being predated by its natural enemy causing great migration. * A crop such as alfalfa, p. eg. makes life easier for pests, but also the predators, besides enriching the soil. Attracts ladybirds, lacewings, hoverflies and microhymenopterans. - Weeds can act as pest repellents or beneficial insects shelter. P. eg. the nettle and dock are insect repellents and fungicide preparations. There are other weeds, which are very attractive to pests. P. eg sunchillo yellow or pink that attracts dust mites, tomatillo tomato attracts moths and weevils, and cutworms chamico draws.


INSECTICIDES: TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION

natural substances or preparations of natural elements, which produce effects or death of insect repellents. These products, alter and maintain the pest population to tolerable levels. Slurry fermentation: The parts of the plants are placed in permeable bags in a container with water. Cover the pan, allowing air to circulate, stir it every day until the water changes color, (in 1 or 2 weeks). Slurry
in fermentation plants are submerged in water and are left in the sun for 4days.

Infusion
Place fresh or dried plants in boiling water and allowed for 24 hours.
Decoction: The plant materials are left to soak for 24 hours, then boil them 20 minutes and covered and allowed to cool.
Maceration: Place the fresh or dried plant in water for no more than 3 days. Care must be taken not ferment. VEGETABLE PREPARATIONS


KIND - PREPARATION - USE - IMPACT


ORTIGA
Fermented Slurry aerial part of plants. 1 kg for 10 lts. if you use the fresh plant. Dry, 200 grs. per 10 lts. Water can be applied to plants all year round. 1:20 concentration stimulates growth and prevents fungal diseases. * Slurry air party in fermentation plants. Same as above is applied prior to emergence on branches, leaves, a 1:50 dilution protects against the attack of aphids and red spider mites.



GARLIC: Crush
Infusion 75 g extract. garlic and added to 10 liters. Water is used in early spring, applied 3 times with an interval of 3 days, repeating the application before harvest on plants and soil without dilution. Inhibits the development of fungal diseases and is very effective against mites and aphids. * Spray Chop 150 grams. garlic. 100grs also dissolve. soap in 10 liters of water. Mix well and filtered. Applies in case of attack on plants or plant foot, undiluted. Good bactericidal against various insect appropriate.


PEST CONTROL TRAPS AND PREPARATIONS
Arañuel

nettle Slurry in fermentation. Infusion
garlic extract. Alcohol
garlic: 4 or 5 cloves of garlic, a pint of fine alcohol and a pint of water. Place in blender 3 minutes and then strain. Stored in covered jar in refrigerator. It is used to attack by mites, aphids and worms.
Infusion of wormwood.
Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, sulfur dips or for dusting

SLUGS - SNAILS - BUG BALL
Trap beer on the floor. Trap
fleshy leaves. Trap
adhesion. Cal
Off: At very low doses. Salt


SOWBUGS
snuff
Solution: Marinate 60 grs. of snuff in 1 liter of water, adding 10 grs. white soap. Pulverized, diluted in 4 liters. water. White
soap solution: Dissolve soap in water and sprayed white. BUGS


wood ash around the stems to prevent the rise of bed bugs. Infusion

Slaked or decoction of Chamomile

MEALYBUGS
Macerated garlic alcohol infusion of Wormwood

Trap Tank Slurry

FUNGI
fermented nettle extract infusion

Slurry fermented Garlic Onion and / or garlic. ANTS


ant trap adherence to resin-based or petroleum jelly, for example. Spray
entries mounds with soapy water and biodegradable detergent.
Trap grease repellent for ants, kerosene and soap solution: 50 cc. kerosene, 25 grs. white soap, 1 liter of water. Boil the soap in water to dilute. While boiling, add the kerosene. Stir vigorously until achieve a creamy emulsion. Lightly spray affected plants, and permeate the surroundings. Can also be used against aphids and worms. Infusion of warm garlic

Fabricate a paper funnel with silver (of chocolate) that is fitted to the trunk of the plant to try and open up wider. This confuses the ants will not go. However it can be placed inside a cotton and ant-or sticky material such as resin or petroleum jelly.
Macerated fruits of paradise, put to soak in water fruits of paradise for 24 hours., The fruits are removed and sprayed with this solution on plants. Slurry
Wormwood: Used and green parts flowers, at a rate of 300 grams per liter of water as fresh plant. Apply on the affected parts of the plants and undiluted.

WHITEFLY Macerated Garlic

solution fortified with mineral oil soap
White

TRACK snuff soapy water with wood ash

Slaked
fortified Prepared garlic: Crush 1 clove of garlic, add ½ pint of alcohol and ½ liter of water. Undissolved use. Infusion of Wormwood


Alcohol Tomato moth
Garlic. Light traps
: to catch adults. APHID

snuff

Infusion Infusion of garlic Garlic
fortified

snuff soapy water with white soap solution
Slaked
Macerado nettle infusion of wormwood

Ruda + Salvia infusion


Traps Moth Yellow - MOTH - Krab - BUGS - INSECTS BENEFICIAL
Traps Traps
light yellow
traps with attractive color substances